The math module in Python provides standard mathematical functions such as square root, factorial, trigonometry, logarithms, rounding, and mathematical constants.

To use the math module, you need to import it:

import math

1. math.sqrt(x) – Square Root

import math
print(math.sqrt(16))

Output:

4.0

Explanation:

The sqrt() function returns the square root of a number. Here, the square root of 16 is 4.0. It always returns a float.

2. math.pow(x, y) – Power

import math
print(math.pow(2, 3))

Output:

8.0

Explanation:
This raises 2 to the power of 3 (2³ = 8). The result is always returned as a float, unlike the ** operator which can return an int if possible.

3. math.factorial(x) – Factorial

import math
print(math.factorial(5))

Output:

120

Explanation:
The factorial of 5 (5!) is 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120. This function only accepts non-negative integers.

4. math.floor(x) – Round Down

import math
print(math.floor(5.7))

Output:

5

Explanation:
Rounds 5.7 down to the nearest integer less than or equal to 5.7.

5. math.ceil(x) – Round Up

import math
print(math.ceil(5.1))

Output:

6

Explanation:
Rounds 5.1 up to the nearest integer greater than or equal to 5.1.

6. math.pi – Pi Constant

import math
print(math.pi)

Output:

3.141592653589793

Explanation:
This gives the value of π (pi), a mathematical constant useful in geometry and trigonometry.

7. math.e – Euler’s Number

import math
print(math.e)

Output:

2.718281828459045

Explanation:
This returns Euler's number (e), the base of the natural logarithm, important in exponential functions.

8. Trigonometric Functions: math.sin(), math.cos(), math.tan()

import math
print(math.sin(math.pi / 2))

Output:

1.0

Explanation:
Calculates the sine of π/2 radians (90 degrees), which is 1. Trigonometric functions use radians, not degrees.

9. math.log(x, base) – Logarithm

import math
print(math.log(100, 10))

Output:

2.0

Explanation:
Calculates the base-10 logarithm of 100. Since 10² = 100, the result is 2.

10. Convert Between Degrees and Radians

import math
print(math.degrees(math.pi))   # Radians to degrees
print(math.radians(180))       # Degrees to radians

Output:

180.0
3.141592653589793

Explanation:

• degrees() converts radians to degrees (π ≈ 180°).
• radians() converts degrees to radians (180° ≈ π radians).

View All Functions and Constants

import math
print(dir(math))

Explanation:
This lists all the functions, classes, and constants available in the math module.

Summary Table of Common math Functions