In Python, numbers are one of the most commonly used data types. Whether you're building a calculator, working with data, or writing game logic, you’ll need to know how numbers work.

This tutorial covers everything you need to get started with Python numbers.

Types of Numbers in Python

Python has three main types of numeric data:

Integers (int)

Integers are whole numbers without a decimal point.

a = 10
b = -5
c = 0

print(type(a))  # <class 'int'>

Floating-Point Numbers (float)

Floating-point numbers are real numbers with decimals.

x = 3.14
y = -0.001
z = 0.0

print(type(x))  # <class 'float'>

Complex Numbers (complex)

Complex numbers have a real and imaginary part.

num = 2 + 3j

print(num.real)      # 2.0
print(num.imag)      # 3.0
print(type(num))     # <class 'complex'>

 Basic Arithmetic Operations

Python supports common arithmetic operations:

print(10 + 5)     # 15
print(10 / 3)     # 3.333...
print(10 // 3)    # 3
print(2 ** 4)     # 16

Type Conversion

You can convert between types using int(), float(), and complex():

print(int(3.99))      # 3
print(float(5))       # 5.0
print(complex(4))     # (4+0j)

⚠️ Converting a float to an int truncates the decimal part.

Checking Number Type

Use the type() function or isinstance():

a = 10
print(type(a))              # <class 'int'>
print(isinstance(a, int))   # True

Useful Math Functions

Python has built-in and library-supported math functions:

Built-in:

abs(-7)      # 7
round(3.1416, 2)  # 3.14
pow(2, 3)    # 8

math module:

import math

math.sqrt(16)       # 4.0
math.ceil(4.2)      # 5
math.floor(4.7)     # 4
math.pi             # 3.14159...

Comparisons and Boolean Logic

You can compare numbers using:

a = 5
b = 7
print(a < b)  # True

✅ Summary

• Python has three main number types: int, float, complex
• Supports full arithmetic operations
• You can convert between number types
• Use math module for advanced operations